An Approach Of Scientific And Non Scientific Knowledge Philosophy Essay

An Approach Of scientific And Non scientific K this instantledge Philosophy EssayThe main Objective of this paper is that the difference amid Scientific and Non -Scientific companionship and Examine the leap is there between these two. In order to locate in all these things, we need to start from the staple. So we start with definition , The devise perception comes from the latin word scientia known as knowledge .According to Websters New Collegiate Dictionary, the definition of science is knowledge attained by means of study or practice, or knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through scientific method and concerned with the physical world.1. knowledge refers to a system of acquiring knowledge. This system habits observation and essayation to describe and condone natural phenomena. So, it is very difficult to grant a definite conclusion, to distinguish Science from non Science.Scientific Knowledge-The Scientif ic knowledge is appendage of finding the actual knowledge through experiment and observation. It is logical and rational steps by through which scientists come to conclusion. Scientist use observation, hypotheses, theory, laws and deduction to buzz off these conclusions. First learn the essential element of science by method of analysis. Characteristic of scientific knowledge lies on three factors objective, logical and systematic. It is transformation of deductive logic to hypothesis, then hypothesis to theory and theory to laws. These can achieve by learning from basic theory through assumption, variable, parameters and function forms 2. Scientific hypotheses and theory atomic number 18 tested and verified by opposite Scientists, so that I can be accepted by the scientific friendship.Non Scientific Knowledge-Non Scientific Knowledge is entreeed via senses, intuition, revelation and experience. We know that, moving close to the fire will get hurt and burned. So, he or she g ains the knowledge by physical sense seeing, sound, touch, smell and experience .Other gain knowledge by intuition and revelation. Intuition is the strong feeling or suspiciousness and Revelation is supernatural source, such as god, divinity etc. knowledge obtained through experience, intuition, revelations argon treated as private knowledge. Objective testing is not conducted on Non scientific methods. Non Scientific knowledge hold, that the world cannot be understood by science, but rather by religious revelations, mystical experience, or literarydeconstructionism 3.Why we believe scientific knowledge rather than Non Scientific Knowledge?Scientific experiment can be repeated several times to prove the results argon correct in all the cases of observation carried out. Scientific method uses method of trial and error. Trial and error is equivalent to scientific methods, Scientist use more details way of understanding of problem .Whereas in case of non scientific method, it is just prediction or forecasting the event with the help of suspicion or strong feeling. This wont give the same result all the time. moreover there is no total difference between two scientific and non Scientific(Barrow,1991) For Example, Car mechanic use his hunch to forge the problem arise in Car, but scientist solve same problem with details examination and causes for the problem. sometimes Car mechanic can solve the problem so earlier than Scientist. From this, we cant predict scientific knowledge of no use.In order to prove this, Gallup Poll conducted survey in March 2001 among Americans, in topic -Creationism and evolution. In that survey nearly 57 % for Creationism, 33% for evolution and 10% atomic number 18 not sure about the problem (Gallup News Service, 2001). This dooms the why scientific knowledge is credible? .first Unit covers, Science epistemological value and festering of new Science. trump out example is Physical Science, show why scientific knowledge is more c redible and reliable knowledge than Non scientific knowledge. According to Lakatos, No scientific theories or hypothesis should be accepted without proper verification from other Scientist and Scientist community. Sir Isaac Newton who is the Father of Physics, so people had blind faith on him. Newton create the final version of his theory Opticks in 1704.Everyone accepted it without any reference and practical experiments (example for non Scientific knowledge). Same time, Christiaan Huygens proposed light was made of luminous particles called as vinyl ether .This made people to go against him, since his theory is against Newtons theory of Opticks. After Several years, Christiann Huygens theory was proved correct by Mr. Max Plancks Quantum theory and Albert Einsteins Theory of relativity through various experiment and observation 5.How can we recognize the correct knowledge?By studying the history of the universe, it is possible to understand the natural graded standard of the nat ure of organization (Bronowski, 1977). These levels ar classified by stability, size and in built properties. These levels are made up of quantum, atomic and molecules of the universe (Silk, 2001). This Hierarchy, show the framework and Characteristics for all scientific knowledge.Some of the characteristics areThere is temporal relation between these levels for development of the universe.Steady and Stable process, to built these level from the basicCourse of time is required for the development of the level and their hierarchy.Universe follow the natural algorithm of evolution (Dennett, 1995), for achieving these level of stability in all process and hierarchy.Using this knowledge, every concept of non major Science can be covered, by building a logical way of discussing the factor on itself. high hat example is Biological evolution and modern synthesis (Darwin and Mendel).According to Kuhn, science is divided into revolutionary science and normal science. Normal Science is the collection of facts and it obeys all scientific rules and characteristics. Whereas, revolutionary science is overthrow the existing theory and make science in better way. In the beginning of 18th century Darwins filiation of Evolution was considered as revolutionary science. It predicts homophile race originates from Apes. His theory disobeys all the scientific characteristics and rules. So, no one at that time believed and accepted his theory. But now modern science has various proofs that, Darwin theory is right. 4How can we integrate the knowledge into one?It is very difficult to accumulate and integrate the knowledge from the source of both Scientific or non scientific methods. Both Science and non Science play a vital role in Knowledge management. By bring the subject matter to real world and make a relation with the fact came from the experiment, observation and proposed laws to make it as whole one.Steps involved in Integration (Mackinson and Nttestad 1998).Gather the req uired information from the both scientific (Hard data) and non Scientific methods (practical Data).Combine these data with the help of proper communication in all level (analysis, rule and implementation)1. Accurate within the res publica2. Increase the existing knowledge3. Simple objective4. Respect the difference in legal opinion5. Stiff in opinion is always wrongUnderstand the complete problem as whole one.Relation of Parts and Unity of KnowledgeBy gathering all the fundamental requirement, assumptions and laws (scientific knowledge), we can provide explain the conceptual way of any system as the basis of any non scientific terms, methods or knowledge. Epistemology is study of origin, methods and below the human knowledge. Coherence is epistemological term, in which Science has a logical connection between the theoretical and practical way of handling the methods, lead to cause and effect. Dividing Science into different disciplines, as the need for methodology and specializa tion (Greene, 1997). But this is not happened in real world. In reality, scientific knowledge is only one. This allows the individual to make specialize. Unity of knowledge is known as characteristic of scientific theory, which a gel of various area of study (Wilson, 1998). Example for unity of knowledge is mechanism in physics, classification of creature and their evolution in biology, Historic events etc. Unity of knowledge is a fruit for scientific analysis and built a more ample environment to form a coherent picture of the world.When Non Scientific become Scientific?Non Scientific Method is analysis of problem with hunch or inductive or past experience. Truth in non scientific method is not examined, because results are not accurate or mere coincidence. Non Scientific method should follow some steps to reach as Scientific Knowledge. They areGoal What is to be done?Model How it is done?Data What are requirements?Evaluation what is the output?Revision how to improve?For Example Cooking is the best example for Conversion of Non Scientific into Scientific terms. Microwave oven reduces most of our work, but up to now preparation of dishes begins with list of ingredients, recipe and instruction, mixing and cooking them. Even though all these things are perfect, well talented chef is required, to follow the recipe, modify the taste by adding ingredient according to the output (requirement of taste of the people). Modification are carried still, it meets the chefs approval. Any significant tilt in the recipe may be taken as permanent change and make it as food type itself in the nearby future.Scientific Method Template for CookingGOALTo prepare a dishMODELRecipe -type of food item going to prepareDATAIngredients , vessels and other stuffsEVALUATIONHow it taste?REVISIONModification according to the comments or requirementNot a Science-Day to Day life, people observe many thing, they treat everything as science. There are some of things, are not considered as s cience. They are-Religion is not considered as science. Most of the religions followed some specific codes and methods, to make followers should obey to accept. There is no progression in religion and no ways to measure it.Governments are established for some reason and goal. They are also allow pay off of rules to reach the goal. It is rarely a formal function for calculating the goal they achieved.Technology and Science are correlated. Science is used to develop the technology and technology is tool or application, developed from the knowledge of science.Astrology predictions are virtual. There is goal and model s, but criteria like evaluation, Data and revision are absent.Structure of Scientific Knowledge-So Far, we have argued about the belief of scientific knowledge as a final conclusion, for coherent theories to growth and development. Scientific Knowledge is divided into intragroup and External resource, which is implicit and explicit, explanation and concept of environme nt. The complexity of the problem, help us to deal with knowledge not based on the algorithm, but through set of rules to explain the importance and practices. These types of issues can enamor as first order mental faculty view.According to Scott Atran and Dan Sperber, classify knowledge module asa genetically specified computational device in the mind/brain that works pretty much on its own on inputs pertaining to some specific cognitive domain and provided by other parts of the nervous system (e.g. sensory receptors or other modules) (Sperber 1996, p. 120)The main motto of his postulate is, knowledge modules are providing the access to proper information in correct domain. The Structure is not standardizing, explicitly understanding of the fundamental principles for sensing or reasoning in the particular domain (Carey 1995, p. 274). According to Susan Carey, These knowledge modules are considered as empirical and conceptual problem. The empirical problems related on the data rel ated to different catholicity. So, these data wont provide evidence for making clear decision. But these data help us to understand the fundamental and basic reasoning for characterize (Carey 1985).example for first order module view is classification of the flora and fauna. They are not domain specific. However the knowledge module is considered as the core domain knowledge.Scientific development through abstract knowledge-According to Carey and Spelke put forward-Processes for combining the representations from domain-specific systems of knowledge provide one potential mechanism of theory development and conceptual change studies of young children provide a promising means to study these processes (Carey and Spelke 1996, p. 528)Abstract knowledge can be obtained from conceptual change. But scientific knowledge is termed as Theoretical knowledge. Results of the observation are reborn into theories, which are assumed as right (true). If terms of false result, scientific knowledge i s assert the new one, by adding additional valid information in old theories. The change in theories is always good for the growth of the knowledge module in Scientific methods. But now days, sociologist claims, Science is elaborated field, in order to gain the scientific knowledge it is necessary to take cultural and social events as consideration (Biagoli 1993, Shapin and Schaffer 1985). bourne between Scientific and Non Scientific knowledge-Whether there is boundary between scientific and non scientific knowledge? In order to examine this, there are several factors and importance we need to notice, some of them areAccepting the wrong conclusion, so that research is made to find the actual truth (knowledge).Boundary between Scientific and non Scientific is not imaginary, all research either lies on Scientific or non scientificKnowledge is based on the Science, naturally boundary will exist.Boundary is best indicator to explain the characteristic of any research work or fields. Fac tors involved along with scientific and non Scientific method, explain the characteristic of the research.To define the classical logic and standards, boundary is required.Mistake in applying Scientific methodsScientist used the hypothesis to explain the phenomenon of any events or research, without finding or conducting experimental tests. We cannot prove the hypothesis, by conducting single experiment. If result obtained from the original hypothesis is differing from final result of the experiment, hypothesis wont change due to result difference. These factors relates on variable control, time, measurement, etc.Removing of unwanted data from the hypothesis is always a great misidentify. Scientist always has strong belief, that their hypothesis is right. So it is human tendency, to change the data if results are against the hypothesis. Calculation of estimating the type, priority, number and classification of errors also lead to one mistake in knowledge gathering in scientific met hods.Communication plays a vital role in development and sharing of Knowledge. Miscommunication, community override , personal or group bias are avoided , since experiments , test and research are carried out by different people from different culture , language, thoughts ,opinion etc. so there is always possibility for conflict and other human errors and mistake ( Wilson,1952).Summary-If only theory and practice worked on the same lines, everything I read in the books wouldve been trueThe scientific methods are closely related with science, which solve the human queries that penetrate the all level of knowledge management. Method are simpler and logic way of understanding the problem. In introduction, we distinguish science and its methods from all other forms of non scientific methods. Scientific method is examine through various step like observation ,prediction , hypothesis and experimentation , with all view of the philosopher like cloud, Spelke, Wilson ,Kuhn etc in each phase . In Terms of Non scientific methods, we discuss about the how it differs from traditional way (scientific methods)? , when Non scientific act become scientific one? . In later portion, boundary and difference between scientific and non scientific methods and knowledge, mistake committed by the scientist while during the hypothesis and other phase of analysis and experiment are discussed. For further details of this topic and other aspect may be found in reference listed below.ConclusionAll religions, arts and sciences are branches of the same tree Albert Einstein 23We have discussed about the growth of scientific knowledge, with all traditional practices, concepts, evolution of theories and other knowledge resource. The Scientific method view is play vital role in developing the standard and concept. Same way Non scientific methods and knowledge also lead to enrich our idea, since this only converted into scientific knowledge, by adding some favor like goal, evaluation, data etc. Both type of knowledge help us in conversion and development of conceptual system. Conceptual system is rich in cognitive knowledge development. This only required by the people or scholar to enrich society, community or individual.